29|"Manure and Food Processing Wastes"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"The application of manure and food-processing waste not only disposes of waste material but also can improve crop production by increasing the supply of nutrients in the soils where the material is applied. Manure is the excrement of livestock and poultry, and food-processing waste is damaged fruit and vegetables and the peelings, stems, leaves, pits, and soil particles removed in food preparation. The manure and food-processing waste are solid, slurry, or liquid. Their nitrogen content varies. A high content of nitrogen limits the application rate. Toxic or otherwise dangerous wastes, such as those mixed with the lye used in food processing, are not considered in the ratings. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect absorption, plant growth, microbial activity, erodibility, the rate at which the waste is applied, and the method by which the waste is applied. The properties that affect absorption include saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), depth to a water table, ponding, the sodium adsorption ratio, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, and available water capacity. The properties that affect plant growth and microbial activity include reaction, the sodium adsorption ratio, salinity, and bulk density. The wind erodibility group, the soil erodibility factor K, and slope are considered in estimating the likelihood that wind erosion or water erosion will transport the waste material from the application site. Stones, cobbles, a water table, ponding, and flooding can hinder the application of waste. Permanently frozen soils are unsuitable for waste treatment. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect agricultural waste management. ""Not limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. ""Somewhat limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. ""Very limited"" indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected."|||"Interpretation"|"AWM - Manure and Food Processing Waste"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"MFPWaste"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 30|"Embankments, Dikes, and Levees"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet high, constructed to impound water or to protect land against overflow. Embankments that have zoned construction (core and shell) are not considered. The soils are rated as a source of material for embankment fill. The ratings apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will be uniformly mixed and compacted during construction. The ratings do not indicate the suitability of the undisturbed soil for supporting the embankment. Soil properties to a depth even greater than the height of the embankment can affect performance and safety of the embankment. Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to determine these properties. Soil material in embankments must be resistant to seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of usable material. It also affects trafficability. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect these uses. ""Not limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. ""Somewhat limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. ""Very limited"" indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected."|||"Interpretation"|"WMS - Embankments, Dikes, and Levees"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"EmbDikLev"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 62|"Sanitary Landfill (Area)"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"In an ""area sanitary landfill,"" solid waste is placed in successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil from a source away from the site. A final cover of soil material at least 2 feet thick is placed over the completed landfill. A landfill must be able to bear heavy vehicular traffic, and involves a risk of ground-water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation should be considered. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect trafficability and the risk of pollution. These properties include flooding, Ksat, depth to a water table, ponding, slope, and depth to bedrock or a cemented pan. Flooding is a serious problem because it can result in pollution in areas downstream from the landfill. If Ksat is too rapid or if fractured bedrock, a fractured cemented pan, or the water table is close to the surface, the leachate can contaminate the water supply. Slope is a consideration because of the extra grading required to maintain roads in the steeper areas of the landfill. Also, leachate may flow along the surface of the soils in the steeper areas and cause difficult seepage problems. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect these uses. ""Not limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. ""Somewhat limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. ""Very limited"" indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected."|||"Interpretation"|"ENG - Sanitary Landfill (Area)"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"SLFilArea"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 63|"Log Landing Suitability"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Ratings indicate the suitability of the soil at the forest site to serve as a log landing. Ratings are based on slope, rock fragments on the surface, plasticity index, content of sand, the Unified classification, depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, and the hazard of soil slippage. The soils are described as ""Well suited"", ""Moderately suited"", or ""Poorly suited"" to use as log landings. ""Well suited"" indicates that the soil has features that are favorable for log landings and has no limitations. Good performance can be expected, and little or no maintenance is needed. ""Moderately suited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for log landings. One or more soil properties are less than desirable, and fair performance can be expected. Some maintenance is needed. ""Poorly suited"" indicates that the soil has one or more properties that are unfavorable for log landings. Overcoming the unfavorable properties requires special design, extra maintenance, and costly alteration."|||"Interpretation"|"FOR - Log Landing Suitability"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"LogLndg"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 64|"Overland Flow Process Treatment of Wastewater"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"In this process wastewater is applied to the upper reaches of sloped land and allowed to flow across vegetated surfaces, sometimes called terraces, to runoff-collection ditches. The length of the run generally is 150 to 300 feet. The application rate ranges from 2.5 to 16.0 inches per week. It commonly exceeds the rate needed for irrigation of cropland. The wastewater leaves solids and nutrients on the vegetated surfaces as it flows down slope in a thin film. Most of the water reaches the collection ditch, some is lost through evapotranspiration, and a small amount may percolate to the ground water. Wastewater includes municipal and food-processing wastewater and effluent from lagoons or storage ponds. Municipal wastewater is the waste stream from a municipality. It contains domestic waste and may contain industrial waste. It may have received primary or secondary treatment. It is rarely untreated sewage. Food-processing wastewater results from the preparation of fruits, vegetables, milk, cheese, and meats for public consumption. In places it is high in content of sodium and chloride. The effluent in lagoons and storage ponds is from facilities used to treat or store food-processing wastewater or domestic or animal waste. Domestic and food-processing wastewater is very dilute, and the effluent from the facilities that treat or store it commonly is very low in content of carbonaceous and nitrogenous material; the content of nitrogen commonly ranges from 10 to 30 milligrams per liter. The wastewater from animal waste treatment lagoons or storage ponds, however, has much higher concentrations of these materials, mainly because the manure has not been diluted as much as the domestic waste. The content of nitrogen in this wastewater generally ranges from 50 to 2,000 milligrams per liter. When wastewater is applied, checks should be made to ensure that nitrogen, heavy metals, and salts are not added in excessive amounts. The ratings are for waste management systems that not only dispose of and treat wastewater but also are beneficial to crops. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect agricultural waste management. ""Not limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. ""Somewhat limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. ""Very limited"" indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected."|||"Interpretation"|"AWM - Overland Flow Process Treatment of Wastewater"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"OFPTreatWW"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 69|"Dwellings Without Basements"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Dwellings are single-family houses of three stories or less. For dwellings without basements, the foundation is assumed to consist of spread footings of reinforced concrete built on undisturbed soil at a depth of 2 feet or at the depth of maximum frost penetration, whichever is deeper. The ratings for dwellings are based on the soil properties that affect the capacity of the soil to support a load without movement and on the properties that affect excavation and construction costs. The properties that affect the load-supporting capacity include depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, subsidence, linear extensibility (shrink-swell potential), and compressibility. Compressibility is inferred from the Unified classification. The properties that affect the ease and amount of excavation include depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, slope, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, and the amount and size of rock fragments. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect building site development. ""Not limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. ""Somewhat limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. ""Very limited"" indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected."|||"Interpretation"|"ENG - Dwellings W/O Basements"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"DwellWOB"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 72|"Excavated Ponds (Aquifer-fed)"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Excavated ponds (aquifer-fed) are pits or dugouts that extend to a ground-water aquifer or to a depth below a permanent water table. Excluded are ponds that are fed only by surface runoff and embankment ponds that impound water 3 feet or more above the original surface. Excavated ponds are affected by depth to a permanent water table, Ksat of the aquifer, and quality of the water as inferred from the salinity of the soil. Depth to bedrock and the content of large stones affect the ease of excavation. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect these uses. ""Not limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. ""Somewhat limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. ""Very limited"" indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected."|||"Interpretation"|"WMS - Excavated Ponds (Aquifer-fed)"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"ExPndAqFed"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 78|"Irrigation Disposal of Wastewater"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Wastewater includes municipal and food-processing wastewater and effluent from lagoons or storage ponds. Municipal wastewater is the waste stream from a municipality. It contains domestic waste and may contain industrial waste. It may have received primary or secondary treatment. It is rarely untreated sewage. Food-processing wastewater results from the preparation of fruits, vegetables, milk, cheese, and meats for public consumption. In places it is high in content of sodium and chloride. The effluent in lagoons and storage ponds is from facilities used to treat or store food-processing wastewater or domestic or animal waste. Domestic and food-processing wastewater is very dilute, and the effluent from the facilities that treat or store it commonly is very low in content of carbonaceous and nitrogenous material; the content of nitrogen commonly ranges from 10 to 30 milligrams per liter. The wastewater from animal waste treatment lagoons or storage ponds, however, has much higher concentrations of these materials, mainly because the manure has not been diluted as much as the domestic waste. The content of nitrogen in this wastewater generally ranges from 50 to 2,000 milligrams per liter. When wastewater is applied, checks should be made to ensure that nitrogen, heavy metals, and salts are not added in excessive amounts. ""Disposal of wastewater by irrigation"" not only disposes of municipal wastewater and wastewater from food-processing plants, lagoons, and storage ponds but also can improve crop production by increasing the amount of water available to crops. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect the design, construction, management, and performance of the irrigation system. The properties that affect design and management include the sodium adsorption ratio, depth to a water table, ponding, available water capacity, Ksat, slope, and flooding. The properties that affect construction include stones, cobbles, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, depth to a water table, and ponding. The properties that affect performance include depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, bulk density, the sodium adsorption ratio, salinity, reaction, and the cation-exchange capacity, which is used to estimate the capacity of a soil to adsorb heavy metals. Permanently frozen soils are not suitable for disposal of wastewater by irrigation. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect agricultural waste management. ""Not limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. ""Somewhat limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. ""Very limited"" indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected."|||"Interpretation"|"AWM - Irrigation Disposal of Wastewater"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"IrrDispWW"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 79|"Sand Source"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Sand is a natural aggregate (0.05 to 2 millimeters in diameter) suitable for commercial use with a minimum of processing. It is used in many kinds of construction. Specifications for each use vary widely. Only the probability of finding material in suitable quantity is evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect excavation of the material. The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source of sand are gradation of grain sizes (as indicated by the Unified classification of the soil), the thickness of suitable material, and the content of rock fragments. If the bottom layer of the soil contains sand or gravel, the soil is considered a likely source regardless of thickness. The assumption is that the sand or gravel layer below the depth of observation exceeds the minimum thickness. The ratings are for the whole soil, from the surface to a depth of about 6 feet. The soils are rated ""Good,"" ""Fair,"" or ""Poor"" as potential sources of sand. A rating of ""Good"" or ""Fair"" means that the source material is likely to be in or below the soil."|||"Interpretation"|"ENG - Construction Materials; Sand Source"|2|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||-1|"SandSrc"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 80|"Dwellings With Basements"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Dwellings are single-family houses of three stories or less. For dwellings with basements, the foundation is assumed to consist of spread footings of reinforced concrete built on undisturbed soil at a depth of about 7 feet. The ratings for dwellings are based on the soil properties that affect the capacity of the soil to support a load without movement and on the properties that affect excavation and construction costs. The properties that affect the load-supporting capacity include depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, subsidence, linear extensibility (shrink-swell potential), and compressibility. Compressibility is inferred from the Unified classification. The properties that affect the ease and amount of excavation include depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, slope, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, and the amount and size of rock fragments. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect building site development. ""Not limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. ""Somewhat limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. ""Very limited"" indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected."|||"Interpretation"|"ENG - Dwellings With Basements"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"DwellWB"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 84|"Sewage Lagoons"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments of compacted soil. Nearly impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides is required to minimize seepage and contamination of ground water. Considered in the ratings are slope, Ksat, depth to a water table, ponding, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, large stones, and content of organic matter. Ksat is a critical property affecting the suitability for sewage lagoons. Most porous soils eventually become sealed when they are used as sites for sewage lagoons. Until sealing occurs, however, the hazard of pollution is severe. Soils that have a Ksat rate of more than 14 micrometers per second are too porous for the proper functioning of sewage lagoons. In these soils, seepage of the effluent can result in contamination of the ground water. Ground-water contamination is also a hazard if fractured bedrock is within a depth of 40 inches, if the water table is high enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon, or if floodwater overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic matter is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoon because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope, bedrock, and cemented pans can cause construction problems, and large stones can hinder compaction of the lagoon floor. If the lagoon is to be uniformly deep throughout, the slope must be gentle enough and the soil material must be thick enough over bedrock or a cemented pan to make land smoothing practical. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect these uses. ""Not limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. ""Somewhat limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. ""Very limited"" indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected."|||"Interpretation"|"ENG - Sewage Lagoons"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"SewLagoon"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 85|"Potential Erosion Hazard (Off-Road, Off-Trail)"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Ratings indicate the hazard or risk of soil loss from off-road and off-trail areas after disturbance activities that expose the soil surface, and are based on slope and soil erodibility factor K. The soil loss is caused by sheet or rill erosion in off-road or off-trail areas where 50 to 75 percent of the surface has been exposed by logging, grazing, mining, or other kinds of disturbance. The hazard is described as ""Slight"", ""Moderate"", ""Severe"", or ""Very severe"". A rating of ""Slight"" indicates that erosion is unlikely under ordinary climatic conditions; ""Moderate"" indicates that some erosion is likely and that erosion-control measures may be needed; ""Severe"" indicates that erosion is very likely and that erosion-control measures, including revegetation of bare areas, are advised; and ""Very severe"" indicates that significant erosion is expected, loss of soil productivity and off-site damage are likely, and erosion-control measures are costly and generally impractical."|||"Interpretation"|"FOR - Potential Erosion Hazard (Off-Road/Off-Trail)"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"EroHzdORT"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 87|"Mechanical Planting Suitability"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Ratings indicate the expected difficulty of planting trees or shrubs using a mechanical planter. Ratings are based on slope, depth to a restrictive layer, content of sand, plasticity index, rock fragments on or below the surface, depth to a water table, and ponding. The soils are described as well suited, moderately suited, poorly suited, or unsuited to this method of planting. It is assumed that necessary site preparation is completed before seedlings are planted. ""Well suited"" indicates that the soil has features that are favorable for the specified management aspect and has no limitations. Good performance can be expected, and little or no maintenance is needed. ""Moderately suited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified management aspect. One or more soil properties are less than desirable, and fair performance can be expected. Some maintenance is needed. ""Poorly suited"" indicates that the soil has one or more properties that are unfavorable for the specified management aspect. Overcoming the unfavorable properties requires special design, extra maintenance, and costly alteration. ""Unsuited"" indicates that the expected performance of the soil is unacceptable for the specified management aspect or that extreme measures are needed to overcome the undesirable soil properties."|||"Interpretation"|"FOR - Mechanical Planting Suitability"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"MechPlant"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 33|"Pond Reservoir Area"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Pond Reservoir Areas hold water behind a dam or embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The seepage potential is determined by the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) of the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the storage capacity of the reservoir area. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect these uses. ""Not limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. ""Somewhat limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. ""Very limited"" indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected."|||"Interpretation"|"WMS - Pond Reservoir Area"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"PndResArea"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 34|"Road Suitability (Natural Surface)"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Ratings indicate the suitability for using the natural surface of the soil for roads. Ratings are based on slope, rock fragments on the surface, plasticity index, content of sand, the Unified classification, depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, and the hazard of soil slippage. The soils are described as well suited, moderately suited, or poorly suited to this use. ""Well suited"" indicates that the soil has features that are favorable for the specified kind of roads and has no limitations. Good performance can be expected, and little or no maintenance is needed. ""Moderately suited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified kind of roads. One or more soil properties are less than desirable, and fair performance can be expected. Some maintenance is needed. ""Poorly suited"" indicates that the soil has one or more properties that are unfavorable for the specified kind of roads. Overcoming the unfavorable properties requires special design, extra maintenance, and costly alteration."|||"Interpretation"|"FOR - Road Suitability (Natural Surface)"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"RoadSuitNS"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 35|"Hand Planting Suitability"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Ratings indicate the expected difficulty of hand planting of forestland plants. Ratings are based on slope, depth to a restrictive layer, content of sand, plasticity index, rock fragments on or below the surface, depth to a water table, and ponding. The soils are described as ""Well suited"", ""Moderately suited"", ""Poorly suited"", or ""Unsuited"" to this method of planting. It is assumed that necessary site preparation is completed before seedlings are planted. Rating class terms indicate the degree to which the soils are suited to this aspect of forestland management. ""Well suited"" indicates that the soil has features that are favorable for the specified management aspect and has no limitations. Good performance can be expected, and little or no maintenance is needed. ""Moderately suited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified management aspect. One or more soil properties are less than desirable, and fair performance can be expected. Some maintenance is needed. ""Poorly suited"" indicates that the soil has one or more properties that are unfavorable for the specified management aspect. Overcoming the unfavorable properties requires special design, extra maintenance, and costly alteration. ""Unsuited"" indicates that the expected performance of the soil is unacceptable for the specified management aspect or that extreme measures are needed to overcome the undesirable soil properties."|||"Interpretation"|"FOR - Hand Planting Suitability"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"HandPlant"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 36|"Mechanical Site Preparation (Surface)"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Ratings indicate the suitability of using surface-altering soil tillage equipment. Ratings are based on slope, depth to a restrictive layer, plasticity index, rock fragments on or below the surface, depth to a water table, and ponding. The part of the soil from the surface to a depth of about 1 foot is considered in the ratings. The soils are described as ""Well suited"", ""Poorly suited"", or ""Unsuited"" to this management activity. ""Well suited"" indicates that the soil has features that are favorable for the specified kind of site preparation and has no limitations. Good performance can be expected, and little or no maintenance is needed. ""Poorly suited"" indicates that the soil has one or more properties that are unfavorable for the specified kind of site preparation. Overcoming the unfavorable properties requires special design, extra maintenance, and costly alteration. ""Unsuited"" indicates that the expected performance of the soil is unacceptable for the specified kind of site preparation or that extreme measures are needed to overcome the undesirable soil properties."|||"Interpretation"|"FOR - Mechanical Site Preparation (Surface)"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"SitePrepS"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 38|"Playgrounds"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Playgrounds are areas used intensively for games, such as baseball and football, and similar activities. Playgrounds require soils that are nearly level, are free of stones, and can withstand intensive foot traffic. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect the ease of developing playgrounds and that influence trafficability and the growth of vegetation after development. Slope and stoniness are the main concerns affecting the development of playgrounds. For good trafficability, the surface of the playgrounds should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy foot traffic, and not be dusty when dry. The soil properties that influence trafficability are texture of the surface layer, depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, Ksat, and large stones. The soil properties that affect the growth of plants are depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, Ksat, and toxic substances in the soil. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect the recreational uses. ""Not limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. ""Somewhat limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. ""Very limited"" indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected."|||"Interpretation"|"URB/REC - Playgrounds"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"Playground"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 39|"Harvest Equipment Operability"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Ratings indicate the suitability for use of forestland harvesting equipment. Ratings are based on slope, rock fragments on the surface, plasticity index, content of sand, the Unified Soil Classification, depth to a water table, and ponding. The ratings assume the use of standard rubber-tire skidders and bulldozers used for ground-based harvesting and transport. Rating class terms indicate the degree to which the soils are suited to this aspect of forestland management. ""Well suited"" indicates that the soil has features that are favorable for the specified management aspect and has no limitations. Good performance can be expected, and little or no maintenance is needed. ""Moderately suited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified management aspect. One or more soil properties are less than desirable, and fair performance can be expected. Some maintenance is needed. ""Poorly suited"" indicates that the soil has one or more properties that are unfavorable for the specified management aspect. Overcoming the unfavorable properties requires special design, extra maintenance, and costly alteration. ""Unsuited"" indicates that the expected performance of the soil is unacceptable for the specified management aspect or that extreme measures are needed to overcome the undesirable soil properties."|||"Interpretation"|"FOR - Harvest Equipment Operability"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"HEquipOp"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 40|"Lawn, Landscape, Golf Fairway"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"The soils are rated for their use in establishing and maintaining turf for lawns and golf fairways and ornamental trees and shrubs for residential or commercial landscaping. Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established and maintained. Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be required. The ratings are based on the use of soil material at the location that may have some land smoothing. Irrigation may or may not be needed and is not a criterion in rating. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect plant growth and trafficability after vegetation is established. The properties that affect plant growth are reaction; depth to a water table; ponding; depth to bedrock or a cemented pan; the available water capacity in the upper 40 inches; the content of salts, sodium, or calcium carbonate; and sulfidic materials. The properties that affect trafficability are flooding, depth to a water table, ponding, slope, stoniness, and the amount of sand, clay, or organic matter in the surface layer. The suitability of the soil for traps, tees, roughs, and greens is not considered in the ratings. Not considered in the ratings, but important in evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines. Soils that are subject to flooding are limited by the duration and intensity of flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of flooding is essential. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect the use. ""Not limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. ""Somewhat limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. ""Very limited"" indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected."|||"Interpretation"|"ENG - Lawn, Landscape, Golf Fairway"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"LawnLSGolf"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 43|"Topsoil Source"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation can be established and maintained. The upper 40 inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow area. The soils are rated ""Good,"" ""Fair,"" or ""Poor"" as potential sources of topsoil. Normal compaction, minor processing, and other standard construction practices are assumed. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect plant growth; the ease of excavating, loading, and spreading the material; and reclamation of the borrow area. Toxic substances, soil reaction, and the properties that are inferred from soil texture, such as available water capacity and fertility, affect plant growth. The ease of excavating, loading, and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, depth to a water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected by slope, depth to a water table, rock fragments, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, and toxic material. The surface layer of most soils is generally preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter content. Organic matter greatly increases the absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for plant growth."|||"Interpretation"|"ENG - Construction Materials; Topsoil"|2|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||-1|"TopsoilSrc"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 45|"Mechanical Site Preparation (Deep)"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Ratings indicate the suitability of using deep soil tillage equipment. Ratings are based on slope, depth to a restrictive layer, rock fragments on or below the surface, depth to a water table, and ponding. The part of the soil from the surface to a depth of about 3 feet is considered in the ratings. The soils are described as ""Well suited"", ""Poorly suited"", or ""Unsuited"" to this management activity. ""Well suited"" indicates that the soil has features that are favorable for the specified kind of site preparation and has no limitations. Good performance can be expected, and little or no maintenance is needed. ""Poorly suited"" indicates that the soil has one or more properties that are unfavorable for the specified kind of site preparation. Overcoming the unfavorable properties requires special design, extra maintenance, and costly alteration. ""Unsuited"" indicates that the expected performance of the soil is unacceptable for the specified kind of site preparation or that extreme measures are needed to overcome the undesirable soil properties."|||"Interpretation"|"FOR - Mechanical Site Preparation (Deep)"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"SitePrepD"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 48|"Off-Road Motorcycle Trails"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Off-road motorcycle trails are primarily for recreational use, and require little or no site preparation. They are not covered with surfacing material or vegetation. Considerable compaction of the soil material is likely. The ratings are based on the soil properties that influence erodibility, trafficability, dustiness, and the ease of revegetation. These properties are stoniness, slope, depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, and texture of the surface layer. ""Not limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. ""Somewhat limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. ""Very limited"" indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected."|||"Interpretation"|"URB/REC - Off-Road Motorcycle Trails"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"OffRoadMT"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 55|"Shallow Excavations"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for graves, utility lines, open ditches, or other purposes. The ratings are based on the soil properties that influence the ease of digging and the resistance to sloughing. Depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, the amount of large stones, and dense layers influence the ease of digging, filling, and compacting. Depth to the seasonal high water table, flooding, and ponding may restrict the period when excavations can be made. Slope influences the ease of using machinery. Soil texture, depth to the water table, and linear extensibility (shrink-swell potential) influence the resistance to sloughing. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect building site development. ""Not limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. ""Somewhat limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. ""Very limited"" indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected."|||"Interpretation"|"ENG - Shallow Excavations"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"ShallExcv"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 56|"Potential Seedling Mortality"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Ratings indicate the likelihood of death of naturally or artificially propagated tree seedlings, as influenced by soil characteristic, physiographic features and climatic conditions. Ratings are based on flooding, ponding, depth to a water table, content of lime, reaction, salinity, available water capacity, soil moisture regime, soil temperature regime, aspect, and slope. The soils are described as having a low, moderate, or high potential for seedling mortality. ""Low"" indicates that the soil has features that reduce its potential for seedling mortality. Good performance can be expected, and little or no maintenance is needed. ""Moderate"" indicates that the soil has features that result in a moderate potential for seedling mortality. One or more soil properties are less than desirable, and fair performance can be expected. Some maintenance is needed. ""High"" indicates that the soil has one or more properties that result in a high potential for seedling mortality. Overcoming the unfavorable properties requires special design, extra maintenance, and costly alteration."|||"Interpretation"|"FOR - Potential Seedling Mortality"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"SeedMortal"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 57|"Rapid Infiltration Disposal of Wastewater"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Rapid infiltration of wastewater is a process in which wastewater applied in a level basin at a rate of 4 to 120 inches per week percolates through the soil. The wastewater may eventually reach the ground water. The application rate commonly exceeds the rate needed for irrigation of cropland. Vegetation is not a necessary part of the treatment; hence, the basins may or may not be vegetated. The thickness of the soil material needed for proper treatment of the wastewater is more than 72 inches. As a result, geologic and hydrologic investigation is needed to ensure proper design and performance and to determine the risk of ground-water pollution. Soil properties are important considerations in areas where soils are used as sites for the treatment and disposal of organic waste and wastewater. Selection of soils with properties that favor waste management can help to prevent environmental damage. Municipal wastewater is the waste stream from a municipality. It contains domestic waste and may contain industrial waste. It may have received primary or secondary treatment. It is rarely untreated sewage. Food-processing wastewater results from the preparation of fruits, vegetables, milk, cheese, and meats for public consumption. In places it is high in content of sodium and chloride. The effluent in lagoons and storage ponds is from facilities used to treat or store food-processing wastewater or domestic or animal waste. Domestic and food-processing wastewater is very dilute, and the effluent from the facilities that treat or store it commonly is very low in content of carbonaceous and nitrogenous material; the content of nitrogen commonly ranges from 10 to 30 milligrams per liter. The wastewater from animal waste treatment lagoons or storage ponds, however, has much higher concentrations of these materials, mainly because the manure has not been diluted as much as the domestic waste. The content of nitrogen in this wastewater generally ranges from 50 to 2,000 milligrams per liter. When wastewater is applied, checks should be made to ensure that nitrogen, heavy metals, and salts are not added in excessive amounts. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect the risk of pollution and the design, construction, and performance of the system. Depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, and depth to bedrock or a cemented pan affect the risk of pollution and the design and construction of the system. Slope, stones, and cobbles also affect design and construction. Ksat and reaction affect performance. Permanently frozen soils are unsuitable for waste treatment. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect agricultural waste management. ""Not limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. ""Somewhat limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. ""Very limited"" indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected."|||"Interpretation"|"AWM - Rapid Infiltration Disposal of Wastewater"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"RIDispWW"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 1|"Paths and Trails"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding should require little or no slope modification through cutting and filling. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect trafficability and erodibility. These properties are stoniness, depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, slope, and texture of the surface layer. ""Not limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. ""Somewhat limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. ""Very limited"" indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected."|||"Interpretation"|"URB/REC - Paths and Trails"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"PathTrail"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 3|"Camp Areas"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Camp areas are tracts of land used intensively as sites for tents, trailers, campers, and the accompanying activities of outdoor living. Camp areas require site preparation, such as shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas, stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some vehicular traffic. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect the ease of developing camp areas and the performance of the areas after development. Slope, stoniness, and depth to bedrock or a cemented pan are the main concerns affecting the development of camp areas. The soil properties that affect the performance of the areas after development are those that influence trafficability and promote the growth of vegetation, especially in heavily used areas. For good trafficability, the surface of camp areas should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy foot traffic, and not be dusty when dry. The soil properties that influence trafficability are texture of the surface layer, depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), and large stones. The soil properties that affect the growth of plants are depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, Ksat, and toxic substances in the soil. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect development. ""Not limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. ""Somewhat limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. ""Very limited"" indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected."|||"Interpretation"|"URB/REC - Camp Areas"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"CampArea"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 5|"Small Commercial Buildings"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Small commercial buildings are structures that are less than three stories high and do not have basements. The foundation is assumed to consist of spread footings of reinforced concrete built on undisturbed soil at a depth of 2 feet or at the depth of maximum frost penetration, whichever is deeper. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect the capacity of the soil to support a load without movement and on the properties that affect excavation and construction costs. The properties that affect the load-supporting capacity include depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, subsidence, linear extensibility (shrink-swell potential), and compressibility (which is inferred from the Unified classification). The properties that affect the ease and amount of excavation include flooding, depth to a water table, ponding, slope, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, and the amount and size of rock fragments. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect the risk of pollution and the design, construction, and performance of the system. Depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, and depth to bedrock or a cemented pan affect the risk of pollution and the design and construction of the system. Slope, stones, and cobbles also affect design and construction. Ksat and reaction affect performance. Permanently frozen soils are unsuitable for waste treatment. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect building site development. ""Not limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. ""Somewhat limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. ""Very limited"" indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected."|||"Interpretation"|"ENG - Small Commercial Buildings"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"SmCommBldg"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 8|"Soil Rutting Hazard"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Ratings indicate the hazard or risk of ruts forming in the uppermost soil surface layers by operation of forestland equipment. Soil displacement and puddling (soil deformation and compaction) may occur simultaneously with rutting. Ratings are based on depth to a water table, rock fragments on or below the surface, the Unified classification, depth to a restrictive layer, and slope. The hazard is described as slight, moderate, or severe. A rating of ""Slight"" indicates that the soil is subject to little or no rutting, ""Moderate"" indicates that rutting is likely, and ""Severe"" indicates that ruts form readily."|||"Interpretation"|"FOR - Soil Rutting Hazard"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"SoilRutHzd"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 10|"Potential Fire Damage Hazard"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Ratings indicate the potential hazard of damage to soil nutrient, physical, and biotic characteristics from fire. Ratings are based on texture of the surface layer, content of rock fragments and organic matter in the surface layer, thickness of the surface layer, and slope. The soils are described as having a low, moderate, or high potential for this kind of damage. The ratings indicate an evaluation of the potential impact of prescribed fires or wildfires that are intense enough to remove the duff layer and consume organic matter in the surface layer. ""Low"" indicates that the soil has features that reduce its potential for fire damage. Good performance can be expected, and little or no maintenance is needed. ""Moderate"" indicates that the soil has features that result in a moderate potential for fire damage. One or more soil properties are less than desirable, and fair performance can be expected. Some maintenance is needed. ""High"" indicates that the soil has one or more properties that result in a high potential for fire damage. Overcoming the unfavorable properties requires special design, extra maintenance, and costly alteration."|||"Interpretation"|"FOR - Potential Fire Damage Hazard"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"FireDmgHzd"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 17|"Land Application of Municipal Sewage Sludge"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"""Application of sewage sludge"" not only disposes of waste material but also can improve crop production by increasing the supply of nutrients in the soils where the material is applied. Sewage sludge is the residual product of the treatment of municipal sewage. The solid component consists mainly of cell mass, primarily bacteria cells that developed during secondary treatment and have incorporated soluble organics into their own bodies. The sludge has small amounts of sand, silt, and other solid debris. The content of nitrogen varies. Some sludge has constituents that are toxic to plants or hazardous to the food chain, such as heavy metals and exotic organic compounds, and should be analyzed chemically prior to use. The content of water in the sludge ranges from about 98 percent to less than 40 percent. The sludge is considered liquid if it is more than about 90 percent water, slurry if it is about 50 to 90 percent water, and solid if it is less than about 50 percent water. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect absorption, plant growth, microbial activity, erodibility, the rate at which the sludge is applied, and the method by which the sludge is applied. The properties that affect absorption, plant growth, and microbial activity include Ksat, depth to a water table, ponding, the sodium adsorption ratio, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, available water capacity, reaction, salinity, and bulk density. The wind erodibility group, the soil erodibility factor K, and slope are considered in estimating the likelihood that wind erosion or water erosion will transport the waste material from the application site. Stones, cobbles, a water table, ponding, and flooding can hinder the application of sludge. Permanently frozen soils are unsuitable for waste treatment. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect agricultural waste management. ""Not limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. ""Somewhat limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. ""Very limited"" indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected."|||"Interpretation"|"AWM - Land Application of Municipal Sewage Sludge"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"LAMSSludge"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 18|"Septic Tank Absorption Fields"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that part of the soil between depths of 24 and 60 inches is evaluated. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect absorption of the effluent, construction and maintenance of the system, and public health. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), depth to a water table, ponding, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, and flooding affect absorption of the effluent. Stones and boulders, ice, and bedrock or a cemented pan interfere with installation. Subsidence interferes with installation and maintenance. Excessive slope may cause lateral seepage and surfacing of the effluent in downslope areas. Some soils are underlain by loose sand and gravel or fractured bedrock at a depth of less than 4 feet below the distribution lines. In these soils the absorption field may not adequately filter the effluent, particularly when the system is new. As a result, the ground water may become contaminated. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect these uses. ""Not limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. ""Somewhat limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. ""Very limited"" indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected."|||"Interpretation"|"ENG - Septic Tank Absorption Fields"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"SepTankAF"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 20|"Reclamation Material Source"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Reclamation material is used in areas that have been drastically disturbed by surface mining or similar activities. When these areas are reclaimed, layers of soil material or unconsolidated geological material, or both, are replaced in a vertical sequence. The reconstructed soil favors plant growth. The ratings in the table do not apply to quarries and other mined areas that require an offsite source of reconstruction material. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect erosion and stability of the surface and the productive potential of the reconstructed soil. These properties include the content of sodium, salts, and calcium carbonate; reaction; available water capacity; erodibility; texture; content of rock fragments; and content of organic matter and other features that affect fertility. The soils are rated ""Good,"" ""Fair,"" or ""Poor"" as potential sources of reclamation material. The ratings are based on the amount of suitable material and on soil properties that affect the ease of excavation and the performance of the material after it is in place. The thickness of the suitable material is a major consideration. The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, depth to a water table, and slope. How well the soil performs in place after it has been compacted and drained is determined by its strength (as inferred from the AASHTO classification of the soil) and linear extensibility (shrink-swell potential). Normal compaction, minor processing, and other standard construction practices are assumed. When the soil materials are properly used in reconstruction, a rating of ""Good"" means that vegetation is relatively easy to establish and maintain, that the surface is stable and resists erosion, and that the reconstructed soil has good potential productivity. Material rated ""Fair"" can be vegetated and stabilized by modifying one or more properties. Topdressing with better material or applications of soil amendments may be necessary for satisfactory performance. Material rated ""Poor"" has such severe problems that revegetation and stabilization are very difficult and costly. Topdressing with better material is necessary to establish and maintain vegetation."|||"Interpretation"|"ENG - Construction Materials; Reclamation"|2|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||-1|"ReclamMSrc"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 21|"Roadfill Source"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one place and used in road embankments in another place. The soils are rated as a source of roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6 feet high and less exacting in design than higher embankments. The ratings are for the whole soil, from the surface to a depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will be mixed when the soil material is excavated and spread. The soils are rated ""Good,"" ""Fair,"" or ""Poor"" as potential sources of roadfill. The ratings are based on the amount of suitable material and on soil properties that affect the ease of excavation and the performance of the material after it is in place. The thickness of the suitable material is a major consideration. The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, depth to a water table, and slope. How well the soil performs in place after it has been compacted and drained is determined by its strength (as inferred from the AASHTO classification of the soil) and linear extensibility (shrink-swell potential). Normal compaction, minor processing, and other standard construction practices are assumed."|||"Interpretation"|"ENG - Construction Materials; Roadfill"|2|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||-1|"RoadFilSrc"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 24|"Slow Rate Process Treatment of Wastewater"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Slow rate treatment of wastewater is a process in which wastewater is applied to land at a rate normally between 0.5 inch and 4.0 inches per week. The application rate commonly exceeds the rate needed for irrigation of cropland. The applied wastewater is treated as it moves through the soil. Much of the treated water may percolate to the ground water, and some enters the atmosphere through evapotranspiration. The applied water generally is not allowed to run off the surface. Waterlogging is prevented either through control of the application rate or through the use of tile drains, or both. Soil properties are important considerations in areas where soils are used as sites for the treatment and disposal of organic waste and wastewater. Selection of soils with properties that favor waste management can help to prevent environmental damage. Municipal wastewater is the waste stream from a municipality. It contains domestic waste and may contain industrial waste. It may have received primary or secondary treatment. It is rarely untreated sewage. Food-processing wastewater results from the preparation of fruits, vegetables, milk, cheese, and meats for public consumption. In places it is high in content of sodium and chloride. The effluent in lagoons and storage ponds is from facilities used to treat or store food-processing wastewater or domestic or animal waste. Domestic and food-processing wastewater is very dilute, and the effluent from the facilities that treat or store it commonly is very low in content of carbonaceous and nitrogenous material; the content of nitrogen commonly ranges from 10 to 30 milligrams per liter. The wastewater from animal waste treatment lagoons or storage ponds, however, has much higher concentrations of these materials, mainly because the manure has not been diluted as much as the domestic waste. The content of nitrogen in this wastewater generally ranges from 50 to 2,000 milligrams per liter. When wastewater is applied, checks should be made to ensure that nitrogen, heavy metals, and salts are not added in excessive amounts. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect absorption, plant growth, microbial activity, erodibility, and the application of waste. The properties that affect absorption include the sodium adsorption ratio, depth to a water table, ponding, available water capacity, Ksat, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, reaction, the cation-exchange capacity, and slope. Reaction, the sodium adsorption ratio, salinity, and bulk density affect plant growth and microbial activity. The wind erodibility group, the soil erodibility factor K, and slope are considered in estimating the likelihood of wind erosion or water erosion. Stones, cobbles, a water table, ponding, and flooding can hinder the application of waste. Permanently frozen soils are unsuitable for waste treatment. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect agricultural waste management. ""Not limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. ""Somewhat limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. ""Very limited"" indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected."|||"Interpretation"|"AWM - Slow Rate Process Treatment of Wastewater"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"SRPTreatWW"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 26|"Construction Limitations for Haul Roads, Log Landings"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Ratings reflect limitations for constructing haul roads and log landings. Ratings are based on slope, flooding, permafrost, plasticity index, the hazard of soil slippage, content of sand, the Unified classification, rock fragments on or below the surface, depth to a restrictive layer that is indurated, depth to a water table, and ponding. The limitations are described as �Slight�, �Moderate�, or �Severe�. A rating of ""Slight"" indicates that no significant limitations affect construction activities, ""Moderate"" indicates that one or more limitations can cause some difficulty in construction, and ""Severe"" indicates that one or more limitations can make construction very difficult or very costly."|||"Interpretation"|"FOR - Construction limitations for Haul Roads/Log Landings"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"CLRoadLndg"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 27|"Picnic Areas"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Picnic areas are natural or landscaped tracts used primarily for preparing meals and eating outdoors. These areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and parking areas. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect the ease of developing picnic areas and that influence trafficability and the growth of vegetation after development. Slope and stoniness are the main concerns affecting the development of picnic areas. For good trafficability, the surface of picnic areas should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy foot traffic, and not be dusty when dry. The soil properties that influence trafficability are texture of the surface layer, depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, Ksat, and large stones. The soil properties that affect the growth of plants are depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, Ksat, and toxic substances in the soil. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect the recreational uses. ""Not limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. ""Somewhat limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. ""Very limited"" indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected."|||"Interpretation"|"URB/REC - Picnic Areas"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"PicnicArea"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 90|"Sanitary Landfill (Trench)"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"A ""trench sanitary landfill"" is an area where solid waste is placed in successive layers in an excavated trench. The waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the site. When the trench is full, a final cover of soil material at least 2 feet thick is placed over the landfill. A landfill must be able to bear heavy vehicular traffic, and involves a risk of ground-water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation should be considered. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect the risk of pollution, the ease of excavation, trafficability, and revegetation. These properties include saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, depth to a water table, ponding, slope, flooding, texture, stones and boulders, highly organic layers, soil reaction, and content of salts and sodium. Unless otherwise stated, the ratings apply only to that part of the soil within a depth of about 6 feet. For deeper trenches, onsite investigation may be needed. Hard, nonrippable bedrock, creviced bedrock, or highly permeable strata in or directly below the proposed trench bottom can affect the ease of excavation and the hazard of ground-water pollution. Slope affects construction of the trenches and the movement of surface water around the landfill. It also affects the construction and performance of roads in areas of the landfill. Soil texture and consistence affect the ease with which the trench is dug and the ease with which the soil can be used as daily or final cover. They determine the workability of the soil when dry and when wet. Soils that are plastic and sticky when wet are difficult to excavate, grade, or compact and are difficult to place as a uniformly thick cover over a layer of refuse. The soil material used as the final cover for a trench landfill should be suitable for plants. It should not have excess sodium or salts and should not be too acid. The surface layer generally has the best workability, the highest content of organic matter, and the best potential for plants. Material from the surface layer should be stockpiled for use as the final cover. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect these uses. ""Not limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. ""Somewhat limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. ""Very limited"" indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected."|||"Interpretation"|"ENG - Sanitary Landfill (Trench)"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"SLFilTrnch"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 92|"Potential Erosion Hazard (Road, Trail)"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Ratings indicate the hazard or risk of soil loss from unsurfaced roads and trails, and are based on the soil erodibility factor K, slope, and content of rock fragments. The hazard is described as ""Slight"", ""Moderate"", or ""Severe"". A rating of ""Slight"" indicates that little or no erosion is likely; ""Moderate"" indicates that some erosion is likely, that the roads or trails may require occasional maintenance; and that simple erosion-control measures are needed; and ""Severe"" indicates that significant erosion is expected, that the roads or trails require frequent maintenance, and that costly erosion-control measures are needed."|||"Interpretation"|"FOR - Potential Erosion Hazard (Road/Trail)"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"EroHzdRT"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 93|"Local Roads and Streets"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year. They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base of gravel, crushed rock, or soil material stabilized by lime or cement; and a surface of flexible material (asphalt), rigid material (concrete), or gravel with a binder. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect the ease of excavation and grading and the traffic-supporting capacity. The properties that affect the ease of excavation and grading are depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, depth to a water table, ponding, flooding, the amount of large stones, and slope. The properties that affect the traffic-supporting capacity are soil strength (as inferred from the AASHTO group index number), subsidence, linear extensibility (shrink-swell potential), the potential for frost action, depth to a water table, and ponding. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect building site development. ""Not limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. ""Somewhat limited"" indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. ""Very limited"" indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected."|||"Interpretation"|"ENG - Local Roads and Streets"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"RoadStreet"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 101|"Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Pit"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Pit is a method of disposing dead animals by placing the carcasses in successive layers in an excavated pit. The carcasses are spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil that is excavated from the pit. When the pit is full, a final cover of soil material at least 2 feet thick is placed over the burial pit. The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas. While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected. Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or floodwater. Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property. The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use. Ratings are based on properties and qualities to the depth normally observed during soil mapping (approximately 6 or 7 feet). However, because pits may be as deep as 15 feet or more, geologic investigations are needed to determine the potential for pollution of ground water as well as to determine the design needed. These investigations, which are generally arranged by the pit developer, include the examination of stratification, rock formations, and geologic conditions that might lead to the conducting of leachates to aquifers, wells, watercourses, and other water sources. The presence of hard, nonrippable bedrock, bedrock crevices, or highly permeable strata in or immediately underlying the proposed pit bottom is undesirable because of the difficulty in excavation and the potential pollution of underground water. Properties that influence the risk of pollution, ease of excavation, trafficability, and revegetation are major considerations. Soils that flood or have a water table within the depth of excavation present a potential pollution hazard and are difficult to excavate. Slope is an important consideration because it affects the work involved in road construction, the performance of the roads, and the control of surface water around the pit. It may also cause difficulty in constructing pits for which the pit bottom must be kept level and oriented to follow the contour. The ease with which the pit is dug and with which a soil can be used as daily and final covers is based largely on texture and consistence of the soil. The texture and consistence of a soil determine the degree of workability of the soil both when dry and when wet. Soils that are plastic and sticky when wet are difficult to excavate, grade, or compact and difficult to place as a uniformly thick cover over a layer of carcasses. The uppermost part of the final cover should be soil material that is favorable for the growth of plants. It should not contain excess sodium or salt and should not be too acid. In comparison with other horizons, the A horizon in most soils has the best workability and the highest content of organic matter. Thus, for a Large Animal Disposal, Pit operation it may be desirable to stockpile the surface layer for use in the final blanketing of the filled pit area."|||"Interpretation"|"ENG - Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Pit"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"AnDspPit"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 102|"Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Trench"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Trench is a method of disposing dead animals by placing the carcasses in successive layers in an excavated trench. The carcasses are spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil that is excavated from the trench. When the trench is full, a final cover of soil material at least 2 feet thick is placed over the filled trench area. The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas. While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected. Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or floodwater. Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property. The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use. Ratings are based on properties and qualities to the depth normally observed during soil mapping (approximately 6 or 7 feet). However, because trenches may be as deep as 15 feet or more, geologic investigations are needed to determine the potential for pollution of ground water as well as to determine the design needed. These investigations, which are generally arranged by the trench developer, include the examination of stratification, rock formations, and geologic conditions that might lead to the conducting of leachates to aquifers, wells, watercourses, and other water sources. The presence of hard, nonrippable bedrock, bedrock crevices, or highly permeable strata in or immediately underlying the proposed trench bottom is undesirable because of the difficulty in excavation and the potential pollution of underground water. Properties that influence the risk of pollution, ease of excavation, trafficability, and revegetation are major considerations. Soils that flood or have a water table within the depth of excavation present a potential pollution hazard and are difficult to excavate. Slope is an important consideration because it affects the work involved in road construction, the performance of the roads, and the control of surface water around the trench. It may also cause difficulty in constructing trenches for which the trench bottom must be kept level and oriented to follow the contour. The ease with which the trench is dug and with which a soil can be used as daily and final covers is based largely on texture and consistence of the soil. The texture and consistence of a soil determine the degree of workability of the soil both when dry and when wet. Soils that are plastic and sticky when wet are difficult to excavate, grade, or compact and difficult to place as a uniformly thick cover over a layer of carcasses. The uppermost part of the final cover should be soil material that is favorable for the growth of plants. It should not contain excess sodium or salt and should not be too acid. In comparison with other horizons, the A horizon in most soils has the best workability and the highest content of organic matter. Thus, for a Large Animal Disposal, Trench operation it may be desirable to stockpile the surface layer for use in the final blanketing of the fill."|||"Interpretation"|"ENG - Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Trench"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"AnDspTrnch"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 103|"Daily Cover for Landfill"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is used to cover compacted solid waste in a sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste. The ratings also apply to the final cover for a landfill. They are based on the soil properties that affect workability, the ease of digging, and the ease of moving and spreading the material over the refuse daily during wet and dry periods. These properties include soil texture, depth to a water table, ponding, rock fragments, slope, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, reaction, and content of salts, sodium, or lime. Loamy or silty soils that are free of large stones and excess gravel are the best cover for a landfill. Clayey soils may be sticky and difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to wind erosion. Slope affects the ease of excavation and of moving the cover material. Also, it can influence runoff, erosion, and reclamation of the borrow area. The soil material used as the final cover for a landfill should be suitable for plants. It should not have excess sodium, salts, or lime and should not be too acid. After soil material has been removed, the soil material remaining in the borrow area must be thick enough over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water table to permit revegetation. However, some damage to the borrow area is expected and plant growth may not be optimum. This information is intended for land use planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for planning site investigations prior to design and construction. The information, however, has limitations. For example, estimates and other data generally apply only to that part of the soil between the surface and a depth of 5 to 7 feet. Because of the map scale, small areas of different soils may be included within the mapped areas of a specific soil. The information is not site specific and does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in the design and construction of engineering works. Government ordinances and regulations that restrict certain land uses or impose specific design criteria were not considered in preparing the ratings. Local ordinances and regulations should be considered in planning, in site selection, and in design."|||"Interpretation"|"ENG - Daily Cover for Landfill"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"DlyCovLFil"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 104|"Fencing, Post Depth 24 inches or less"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Fencing is the construction and maintenance of barriers for the management of animals and people. Fences are constructed using metal or wooden posts. This interpretation is applicable where the posts are set to a depth of 24 inches or less into the soil with strands of wire suspended between the posts. The ratings are used to evaluate the soils for the ease of setting posts, maintaining the wire tension, and estimating the replacement and maintenance cost. Excavations for wooden posts are made by power auger or hand dug. Metal posts are driven into the soil. Bedrock, cemented pan, and large and small stones influence the excavation of post holes and the driving of posts. Flooding and depth to a seasonal high water table may restrict the season of construction. Flooding also affects maintenance and replacement cost. High water tables raise the maintenance cost and require deeper post settings. High shrink-swell soils require deep post settings or rock jacks to maintain vertical post alignment. Setting posts in permanently frozen soil may cause loss of the insulation qualities of the soil and result in thermokarst topography. Post alignment and maintaining the desired wire tension are often difficult on sandy soils due to their low strength. Soil blowing causes maintenance problems. Frost action results in frost-heaving of the posts. Steep slopes affect the use of power augers and the delivery of supplies. Surface creep during wet seasons on steep slopes increases maintenance. Soil reaction and salinity affect the type of post selected and maintenance costs."|||"Interpretation"|"GRL-Fencing, Post Depth =<24 inches"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"FencePD24"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 105|"Fencing, Post Depth 36 inches or less"|"cointerp"|"interphrc"|"String"|254||"Fencing is the construction and maintenance of barriers for the management of animals and people. Fences are constructed using metal or wooden posts. This rule was developed for conditions where the posts are set to a depth of 36 inches or less into the soil with strands of wire suspended between the posts. The ratings are used to evaluate the soils for the ease of setting posts, maintaining the wire tension, and estimating the replacement and maintenance cost. Excavations for wooden posts are made by power auger or hand dug. Metal posts are driven into the soil. Bedrock, cemented pan, and large and small stones influence the excavation of post holes and the driving of posts. Flooding and depth to a seasonal high water table may restrict the season of construction. Flooding also affects maintenance and replacement cost. High water tables increase the maintenance cost and require deeper post settings. High shrink-swell soils require deep post settings or rock jacks to maintain vertical post alignment. Setting posts in permanently frozen soil may cause loss of the insulation qualities of the soil and result in thermokarst topography. Post alignment and maintaining the desired wire tension are often difficult on sandy soils due to their low strength. Soil blowing causes maintenance problems. Frost action results in frost-heaving of the posts. Steep slopes affect the use of power augers and the delivery of supplies. Surface creep during wet seasons on steep slopes increases maintenance. Soil reaction and salinity affect the type of post selected and maintenance costs."|||"Interpretation"|"GRL-Fencing, Post Depth =<36 inches"|1|"Not rated"|0|1|0|0||0|||1|"FencePD36"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|5||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 31|"Ecological Site Name"|"coecoclass"|"ecoclassname"|"Vtext"|||"Ecological Site Name is the descriptive name of a particular ecological site. For example, ""loamy upland"" is a name of a rangeland ecological site. An ""ecological site"" is the product of all the environmental factors responsible for its development. It has characteristic soils that have developed over time throughout the soil development process; a characteristic hydrology, particularly infiltration and runoff that has developed over time; and a characteristic plant community (kind and amount of vegetation). The hydrology of the site is influenced by development of the soil and plant community. The vegetation, soils, and hydrology are all interrelated. Each is influenced by the others and influences the development of the others. The plant community on an ecological site is typified by an association of species that differs from that of other ecological sites in the kind and/or proportion of species or in total production. Descriptions of ecological sites are provided in the Field Office Technical Guide, which is available in local offices of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)."|||"Property"||||0|1|0|0||0|||-1|"EcoSiteNm"||"ecoclasstypename"|"String"|"Class"||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|4||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 61|"Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity (Ksat), Standard Classes"|"chorizon"|"ksat_r"|"Float"||4|"Saturated hydraulic conductivity refers to the ability of a soil to transmit water or air. The term ""permeability"" also indicates saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat). The estimates, expressed in micrometers per second, indicate the rate of water movement. They are based on soil characteristics observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, and texture. Ksat is considered in the design of soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption fields. For each soil horizon or layer in the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used. For this attribute, numeric Ksat values have been grouped into the following classes using standard Ksat class limits. Very low: 0.00 - 0.01 Low: 0.01 - 0.1 Moderately low: 0.1 - 1.0 Moderately high: 1 - 10 High: 10 - 100 Very high: 100 - 705"|"micrometers per second"|"um/s"|"Property"||||0|1|0|1||1|"Slowest"|"Fastest"|1|"KsatClass"||||||||1|"Depth Range"||||0|||0|0|0||0|6||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Component"||1 65|"Bulk Density one third bar"|"chorizon"|"dbthirdbar_r"|"Float"||2|"Bulk density 1/3 bar is the oven-dried weight of the less than 2 mm soil material per unit volume of soil at water tension of 1/3 bar, expressed in grams per cubic centimeter. Bulk density data are used to compute linear extensibility, shrink-swell potential, available water capacity, total pore space, and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a soil indicates the pore space available for water and roots. Depending on soil texture, a bulk density of more than 1.4 can restrict water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic matter, and soil structure. For each soil horizon or layer in the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used."|"grams per cubic centimeter"|"g/cm3"|"Property"||||0|1|0|1||1|||1|"Db3rdbar"||||||||1|"Depth Range"||||0|||0|0|0||0|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Component"||1 66|"Available Water Supply 0 to 100 cm"|"muaggatt"|"aws0100wta"|"Float"||2|"Available water supply (AWS) is the total volume of water (in centimeters) that should be available to plants if the soil, inclusive of fragments, were at field capacity. It is commonly estimated as the amount of water held between field capacity and wilting point, with corrections for salinity, fragments, and rooting depth. AWS is reported as a single value (centimeters) of water for the specified depth of soil. AWS is calculated based on the available water capacity times the thickness of each soil horizon to a specified depth. For each soil horizon or layer in the underlying database, available water capacity, used in the computation of AWS, is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For the derivation of AWS, only the representative available water capacity value is used. Available water supply for each map unit component is computed as described above, and then aggregated to a single value for the map unit using the process described below. A map unit is typically composed of one or more ""components."" A component is either some type of soil or some nonsoil entity, e.g., rock outcrop. For the attribute being aggregated (e.g. Available Water Supply), the first step of the aggregation process is to derive one attribute value for each of a map unit's components. From this set of component attributes, the next step of the aggregation process derives a single value that represents the map unit as a whole. Once a single value for each map unit is derived, a thematic map for soil map units can be generated. Aggregation must be done because, on any soil map, map units are delineated but components are not. For each of a map unit's components, a corresponding percent composition is recorded. A percent composition of 60 indicates that the corresponding component typically makes up approximately 60% of the map unit. For available water supply, a weighted average of all component values is computed where percent composition is the weighting factor."|"centimeters"|"cm"|"Property"||||1|0|0|0||1|||1|"AWS100"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"No Aggregation Necessary"||1 67|"Bulk Density fifteen bar"|"chorizon"|"dbfifteenbar_r"|"Float"||2|"Bulk density 15 bar is the oven-dried weight of the less than 2 mm soil material per unit volume of soil at water tension of 15 bars, expressed in grams per cubic centimeter. Bulk density, 15 bar, is necessary for resource assessment models such as soil hydrology, water budgets, leaching and nutrient/pesticide loading. For each soil horizon or layer in the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used. For each soil horizon or layer in the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used."|"grams per cubic centimeter"|"g/cm3"|"Property"||||0|1|0|1||1|||1|"Db15bar"||||||||1|"Depth Range"||||0|||0|0|0||0|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Component"||1 68|"Sodium Absorption Ration (SAR)"|"chorizon"|"sar_r"|"Float"||1|"Sodium Absorption Ration (SAR) is a measure of the amount of sodium (Na) relative to calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the water extract from saturated soil paste. It is the ratio of the Na concentration divided by the square root of one-half of the Ca + Mg concentration. Soils that have SAR values of 13 or more may be characterized by an increased dispersion of organic matter and clay particles, reduced saturated hydraulic conductivity and aeration, and a general degradation of soil structure. For each soil horizon or layer in the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used."|||"Property"||||0|1|0|1||1|||1|"SAR"||||||||1|"Depth Range"||||0|||0|1|1||0|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Component"||1 71|"Wind Erodibility Group"|"component"|"weg"|"Choice"|254||"Wind erodibility group (WEG) is a grouping of soils that have similar properties affecting their susceptibility to wind erosion in cultivated areas. The soils assigned to group 1 are the most susceptible to wind erosion, and those assigned to group 8 are the least susceptible."|||"Property"||||0|1|0|0||0|||-1|"WEG"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|7||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 73|"Hydrologic Group"|"component"|"hydgrp"|"Choice"|254||"Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four groups according to the rate of water infiltration when the soils are not protected by vegetation, are thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from long-duration storms. The soils in the United States are placed into four groups A, B, C, and D, and three dual classes, A/D, B/D, and C/D. Definitions of the classes are as follows: The four hydrologic soil groups are: Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate of water transmission. Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to moderately coarse texture. These soils have a moderate rate of water transmission. Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a layer that impedes the downward movement of water or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. These soils have a slow rate of water transmission. Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious material. These soils have a very slow rate of water transmission. If a soil is assigned to a dual hydrologic group (A/D, B/D, or C/D), the first letter is for drained areas and the second is for undrained areas. Only soils that are rated D in their natural condition are assigned to dual classes."|||"Property"||||0|1|0|0||0|||-1|"HydrolGrp"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|8||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 74|"Nonirrigated Capability Class"|"component"|"nirrcapcl"|"Choice"|254||"Land capability classification shows, in a general way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops. Crops that require special management are excluded. The soils are grouped according to their limitations for field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for crops, and the way they respond to management. The criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major and generally expensive landforming that would change slope, depth, or other characteristics of the soils, nor do they include possible but unlikely major reclamation projects. Capability classification is not a substitute for interpretations that show suitability and limitations of groups of soils for rangeland, for woodland, and for engineering purposes. In the capability system, soils are generally grouped at three levels -- capability class, subclass, and unit. Only class and subclass are included in this dataset. Capability classes, the broadest groups, are designated by the numbers 1 through 8. The numbers indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower choices for practical use. The classes are defined as follows: Class 1 soils have few limitations that restrict their use. Class 2 soils have moderate limitations that reduce the choice of plants or that require moderate conservation practices. Class 3 soils have severe limitations that reduce the choice of plants or that require special conservation practices, or both. Class 4 soils have very severe limitations that reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful management, or both. Class 5 soils are subject to little or no erosion but have other limitations, impractical to remove, that restrict their use mainly to pasture, rangeland, forestland, or wildlife habitat. Class 6 soils have severe limitations that make them generally unsuitable for cultivation and that restrict their use mainly to pasture, rangeland, forestland, or wildlife habitat. Class 7 soils have very severe limitations that make them unsuitable for cultivation and that restrict their use mainly to grazing, forestland, or wildlife habitat. Class 8 soils and miscellaneous areas have limitations that preclude commercial plant production and that restrict their use to recreational purposes, wildlife habitat, watershed, or esthetic purposes."|||"Property"||||0|1|0|0|"capability_class"|1|||1|"NirrCpCls"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|7||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 75|"T Factor"|"component"|"tfact"|"Integer"|||"The T factor is an estimate of the maximum average annual rate of soil erosion by wind and/or water that can occur without affecting crop productivity over a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per year."|"tons per acre per year"|"tons/acre/yr"|"Property"||||0|1|0|0||1|||-1|"Tfactor"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|2||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 77|"Forest Productivity (ft3 per ac per yr)"|"coforprod"|"fprod_r"|"Float"||2|"Forest productivity is the ""volume of wood fiber"" that is the yield likely to be produced by the most important tree species. This number, expressed as cubic feet per acre per year, and calculated at the age of culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI), indicates the amount of fiber produced in a fully stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stand. In the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used."|||"Property"||||0|1|0|0||1|||1|"ForestProd"||"plantcomname"|"String"|"Tree"|"siteindexbase"|"Choice"|"Site Index Base"|0|||||0|||0|1|1||1|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Weighted Average"||1 81|"Range Production (Normal Year)"|"component"|"rsprod_r"|"Integer"|||"Total production is the amount of vegetation that can be expected to grow annually in a well managed area that is supporting the potential natural plant community. It includes all vegetation, whether or not it is palatable to grazing animals. It includes the current year's growth of leaves, twigs, and fruits of woody plants. It does not include the increase in stem diameter of trees and shrubs. It is expressed in pounds per acre of air-dry vegetation. In a normal year, growing conditions are about average. Yields are adjusted to a common percent of air-dry moisture content. In areas that have similar climate and topography, differences in the kind and amount of vegetation produced on rangeland are closely related to the kind of soil. Effective management is based on the relationship between the soils and vegetation and water."|"pounds per acre per year"|"lbs/acre/yr"|"Property"||||0|1|0|0||1|||1|"RngProdNY"||||||||0|||||0|||0|1|1||1|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Weighted Average"||1 82|"Depth to Water Table"|"cosoilmoist"|"soimoistdept_r"|"Integer"|||"This attribute represents the depth to a water table in the soil during the specified months. Water Table refers to a saturated zone in the soil. Estimates of the upper limit are based mainly on observations of the water table at selected sites and on evidence of a saturated zone, namely grayish colors (redoximorphic features) in the soil. A saturated zone that lasts for less than a month is not considered a water table. In the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used."|"centimeters"|"cm"|"Property"||||0|1|1|0||1|||-1|"Dep2WatTbl"|"soimoiststat='wet'"|||||||0|||||1|"January"|"December"|0|0|0|"201"|1|6||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Component"||1 83|"Nonirrigated Capability Subclass"|"component"|"nirrcapscl"|"Choice"|254||"Land capability classification shows, in a general way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops. Crops that require special management are excluded. The soils are grouped according to their limitations for field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for crops, and the way they respond to management. The criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major and generally expensive landforming that would change slope, depth, or other characteristics of the soils, nor do they include possible but unlikely major reclamation projects. Capability classification is not a substitute for interpretations that show suitability and limitations of groups of soils for rangeland, for woodland, and for engineering purposes. In the capability system, soils are generally grouped at three levels -- capability class, subclass, and unit. Only class and subclass are included in this dataset. Capability subclasses are soil groups within one capability class. They are designated by adding a small letter, ""e,"" ""w,"" ""s,"" or ""c,"" to the class numeral, for example, 2e. The letter ""e"" shows that the main hazard is the risk of erosion unless close-growing plant cover is maintained; ""w"" shows that water in or on the soil interferes with plant growth or cultivation (in some soils the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial drainage); ""s"" shows that the soil is limited mainly because it is shallow, droughty, or stony; and ""c,"" used in only some parts of the United States, shows that the chief limitation is climate that is very cold or very dry. In class 1 there are no subclasses because the soils of this class have few limitations. Class 5 contains only the subclasses indicated by ""w,"" ""s,"" or ""c"" because the soils in class 5 are subject to little or no erosion. They have other limitations that restrict their use to pasture, rangeland, forestland, wildlife habitat, or recreation."|||"Property"||||0|1|0|0||0|||-1|"NirrCpScls"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|8||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 86|"Frost Free Days"|"component"|"ffd_r"|"Integer"|||"Frost free days is the expected number of days between the last freezing temperature (0 degrees Celsius) in spring (January-July) and the first freezing temperature in the fall (August-December). The number of days is based on the probability that the values for the standard ""normal"" period of 1961 to 1990 will be exceeded in 5 years out of 10. In the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used."|"days"|"days"|"Property"||||0|1|0|0||1|||1|"FrostFDays"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|6||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Component"||1 88|"Irrigated Capability Class"|"component"|"irrcapcl"|"Choice"|254||"Land capability classification shows, in a general way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops. Crops that require special management are excluded. The soils are grouped according to their limitations for field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for crops, and the way they respond to management. The criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major and generally expensive landforming that would change slope, depth, or other characteristics of the soils, nor do they include possible but unlikely major reclamation projects. Capability classification is not a substitute for interpretations that show suitability and limitations of groups of soils for rangeland, for woodland, and for engineering purposes. In the capability system, soils are generally grouped at three levels -- capability class, subclass, and unit. Only class and subclass are included in this dataset. Capability classes, the broadest groups, are designated by the numbers 1 through 8. The numbers indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower choices for practical use. The classes are defined as follows: Class 1 soils have few limitations that restrict their use. Class 2 soils have moderate limitations that reduce the choice of plants or that require moderate conservation practices. Class 3 soils have severe limitations that reduce the choice of plants or that require special conservation practices, or both. Class 4 soils have very severe limitations that reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful management, or both. Class 5 soils are subject to little or no erosion but have other limitations, impractical to remove, that restrict their use mainly to pasture, rangeland, forestland, or wildlife habitat. Class 6 soils have severe limitations that make them generally unsuitable for cultivation and that restrict their use mainly to pasture, rangeland, forestland, or wildlife habitat. Class 7 soils have very severe limitations that make them unsuitable for cultivation and that restrict their use mainly to grazing, forestland, or wildlife habitat. Class 8 soils and miscellaneous areas have limitations that preclude commercial plant production and that restrict their use to recreational purposes, wildlife habitat, watershed, or esthetic purposes."|||"Property"||||0|1|0|0|"capability_class"|1|||1|"IrrCpCls"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|7||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 89|"Range Production (Unfavorable Year)"|"component"|"rsprod_l"|"Integer"|||"Total production is the amount of vegetation that can be expected to grow annually in a well managed area that is supporting the potential natural plant community. It includes all vegetation, whether or not it is palatable to grazing animals. It includes the current year's growth of leaves, twigs, and fruits of woody plants. It does not include the increase in stem diameter of trees and shrubs. It is expressed in pounds per acre of air-dry vegetation. In an unfavorable year, growing conditions are well below average, generally because of low available soil moisture. Yields are adjusted to a common percent of air-dry moisture content. In areas that have similar climate and topography, differences in the kind and amount of vegetation produced on rangeland are closely related to the kind of soil. Effective management is based on the relationship between the soils and vegetation and water."|"pounds per acre per year"|"lbs/acre/yr"|"Property"||||0|1|0|0||1|||1|"RngProdUY"||||||||0|||||0|||0|1|1||1|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Weighted Average"||1 32|"Irrigated Capability Subclass"|"component"|"irrcapscl"|"Choice"|254||"Land capability classification shows, in a general way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops. Crops that require special management are excluded. The soils are grouped according to their limitations for field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for crops, and the way they respond to management. The criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major and generally expensive landforming that would change slope, depth, or other characteristics of the soils, nor do they include possible but unlikely major reclamation projects. Capability classification is not a substitute for interpretations that show suitability and limitations of groups of soils for rangeland, for woodland, and for engineering purposes. In the capability system, soils are generally grouped at three levels -- capability class, subclass, and unit. Only class and subclass are included in this dataset. Capability subclasses are soil groups within one capability class. They are designated by adding a small letter, ""e,"" ""w,"" ""s,"" or ""c,"" to the class numeral, for example, 2e. The letter ""e"" shows that the main hazard is the risk of erosion unless close-growing plant cover is maintained; ""w"" shows that water in or on the soil interferes with plant growth or cultivation (in some soils the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial drainage); ""s"" shows that the soil is limited mainly because it is shallow, droughty, or stony; and ""c,"" used in only some parts of the United States, shows that the chief limitation is climate that is very cold or very dry. In class 1 there are no subclasses because the soils of this class have few limitations. Class 5 contains only the subclasses indicated by ""w,"" ""s,"" or ""c"" because the soils in class 5 are subject to little or no erosion. They have other limitations that restrict their use to pasture, rangeland, forestland, wildlife habitat, or recreation."|||"Property"||||0|1|0|0||0|||-1|"IrrCpScls"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|8||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 37|"Organic Matter"|"chorizon"|"om_r"|"Float"||2|"Organic Matter is the plant and animal residue in the soil at various stages of decomposition. The estimated content of organic matter is expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. The content of organic matter in a soil can be maintained by returning crop residue to the soil. Organic matter has a positive effect on available water capacity, water infiltration, soil organism activity, and tilth. It is a source of nitrogen and other nutrients for crops and soil organisms. An irregular distribution of organic carbon with depth may indicate different episodes of soil deposition or soil formation. Soils that are very high in organic matter have poor engineering properties and subside upon drying. For each soil horizon or layer in the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used."|"percent"|"percent"|"Property"||||0|1|0|1||1|||1|"OrgMatter"||||||||1|"Depth Range"||||0|||0|0|0||0|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Component"||1 41|"Available Water Capacity"|"chorizon"|"awc_r"|"Float"||2|"Available water capacity (AWC) refers to the quantity of water that the soil is capable of storing for use by plants. The capacity for water storage is given in centimeters of water per centimeter of soil for each soil layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil properties that affect retention of water. The most important properties are the content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk density, and soil structure, with corrections for salinity and fragments. Available water capacity is an important factor in the choice of plants or crops to be grown and in the design and management of irrigation systems. Available water capacity is not an estimate of the quantity of water actually available to plants at any given time. Available water supply (AWS) is computed as AWC times the thickness of the soil. Example if AWC is 0.15 cm/cm the available water supply for 25 centimeters of soil would be 0.15 * 25 = 3.75 cm of water. For each soil horizon or layer in the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used."|"centimeters per centimeter"|"cm/cm"|"Property"||||0|1|0|1||1|||1|"AWC"||||||||1|"Depth Range"||||0|||0|0|0||0|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Component"||1 42|"Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity (Ksat)"|"chorizon"|"ksat_r"|"Float"||4|"Saturated hydraulic conductivity refers to the ability of a soil to transmit water or air. The term ""permeability"" also indicates saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat). The estimates, expressed in micrometers per second, indicate the rate of water movement. They are based on soil characteristics observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, and texture. Ksat is considered in the design of soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption fields. For each soil horizon or layer in the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used. For this attribute, the numeric Ksat values are presented using dynamic natural class breaks."|"micrometers per second"|"um/s"|"Property"||||0|1|0|1||1|"Slowest"|"Fastest"|1|"Ksat"||||||||1|"Depth Range"||||0|||0|0|0||0|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Component"||1 44|"Drainage Class"|"component"|"drainagecl"|"Choice"|254||"Drainage class (natural) refers to the frequency and duration of wet periods under conditions similar to those under which the soil formed. Alterations of the water regime by human activities, either through drainage or irrigation, are not a consideration unless they have significantly changed the morphology of the soil. Seven classes of natural soil drainage are recognized -- excessively drained, somewhat excessively drained, well drained, moderately well drained, somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and very poorly drained. These classes are defined in the ""Soil Survey Manual."""|||"Property"||||0|1|0|0|"drainage_class"|1|||1|"DrainClass"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|7||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 46|"Corrosion Steel"|"component"|"corsteel"|"Choice"|254||"""Risk of corrosion"" pertains to potential soil-induced electrochemical or chemical action that corrodes or weakens uncoated steel. The rate of corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and electrical conductivity of the soil. Special site examination and design may be needed if the combination of factors results in a severe hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations that intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more susceptible to corrosion than the steel in installations that are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil layer. The risk of corrosion is expressed as ""Low,"" ""Moderate,"" or ""High."""|||"Property"||||0|1|0|0|"corrosion_uncoated_steel"|1|||1|"CorSteel"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|2||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 47|"Gypsum"|"chorizon"|"gypsum_r"|"Integer"|||"Gypsum is the percent, by weight, of hydrated calcium sulfates in the < 20 mm fraction of soil. Gypsum is partially soluble in water. Soils high in gypsum, such as those with more than 10 percent gypsum, may collapse if the gypsum is removed by percolating water. Gypsum is corrosive to concrete. For each soil horizon or layer in the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used."|"percent"|"percent"|"Property"||||0|1|0|1||1|||1|"Gypsum"||||||||1|"Depth Range"||||0|||0|1|1||0|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Component"||1 49|"Forest Productivity (Tree Site Index)"|"coforprod"|"siteindex_r"|"Integer"|||"The ""site index"" is the average height, in feet, that dominant and codominant trees of a given species attain in a specified number of years. The site index applies to fully stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands. Commonly grown trees are those that forestland managers generally favor in intermediate or improvement cuttings. They are selected on the basis of growth rate, quality, value, and marketability. In the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used."|"feet"|"ft"|"Property"||||0|1|0|0||1|||1|"SiteIndex"||"plantcomname"|"String"|"Tree"|"siteindexbase"|"Choice"|"Site Index Base"|0|||||0|||0|1|1||1|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Weighted Average"||1 50|"Depth to Soil Restrictive Layer"|"corestrictions"|"resdept_r"|"Integer"|||"A ""restrictive layer"" is a nearly continuous layer that has one or more physical, chemical, or thermal properties that significantly impede the movement of water and air through the soil or that restricts roots or otherwise provides an unfavorable root environment. Examples are bedrock, cemented layers, dense layers, and frozen layers. In the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used."|"centimeters"|"cm"|"Property"||||0|1|0|0||1|||-1|"Dep2ResLyr"||"reskind"|"Choice"|"Restriction Kind"||||0|||||0|||0|0|0|"201"|1|6||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Component"||1 51|"K Factor - Whole Soil"|"chorizon"|"kwfact"|"Choice"|254||"Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, sand, and organic matter and on soil structure and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat). Values of K range from 0.02 to 0.69. Other factors being equal, the higher the value, the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion by water. ""Erosion factor Kw (whole soil)"" indicates the erodibility of the whole soil. The estimates are modified by the presence of rock fragments."|||"Property"||||0|1|0|1|"soil_erodibility_factor"|1|||1|"KfactWS"||||||||0|"Surface Layer"||||0|||0|0|0||0|7||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 52|"Frost Action"|"component"|"frostact"|"Choice"|254||"Potential for frost action is the likelihood of upward or lateral expansion of the soil caused by the formation of segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of strength on thawing. Frost action occurs when moisture moves into the freezing zone of the soil. Temperature, texture, density, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), content of organic matter, and depth to the water table are the most important factors considered in evaluating the potential for frost action. It is assumed that the soil is not insulated by vegetation or snow and is not artificially drained. Silty and highly structured, clayey soils that have a high water table in winter are the most susceptible to frost action. Well drained, very gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least susceptible. Frost heave and low soil strength during thawing cause damage to pavements and other rigid structures."|||"Property"||||0|1|0|0|"potential_frost_action"|1|||1|"FrostAct"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|2||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 54|"Farmland Classification"|"mapunit"|"farmlndcl"|"Choice"|254||"Farmland classification identifies map units as prime farmland, farmland of statewide importance, farmland of local importance, or unique farmland. Farmland classification identifies the location and extent of the most suitable land for producing food, feed, fiber, forage, and oilseed crops. NRCS policy and procedures on prime and unique farmlands are published in the Federal Register, Vol. 43, No. 21, January 31, 1978."|||"Property"||||1|0|0|0||0|||-1|"FrmlndCls"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|4||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"No Aggregation Necessary"||1 58|"Potential Irrigated Crop Yield (Component)"|"cocropyld"|"irryield_r"|"Float"||2|"The estimated average yields per acre that can be expected of the selected crop under a high level of management with irrigation are shown. In any given year, yields may be higher or lower than those indicated because of variations in rainfall and other climatic factors. For irrigated crops, it is assumed that the irrigation system is adapted to the soils and to the crops grown, that good-quality irrigation water is uniformly applied as needed, and that tillage is kept to a minimum. In the underlying database, some states maintain crop yield data by individual map unit component. Other states maintain the data at the map unit level. Attributes are included in this application for both, although only one or the other is likely to contain data for any given geographic area. This attribute uses data maintained at the map unit component level. In the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used. The yields are based mainly on the experience and records of farmers, conservationists, and extension agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and results of field trials and demonstrations also are considered. The management needed to obtain the indicated yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil and the crop. Management can include drainage, erosion control, and protection from flooding; the proper planting and seeding rates; suitable high-yielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure, and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures the smallest possible loss. The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity of each soil for the selected crop. Yields are likely to increase as new production technology is developed. The productivity of a given soil compared with that of other soils, however, is not likely to change."|||"Property"||||0|1|0|0||1|||1|"IrrYldCo"||"cropname"|"Choice"|"Crop"|"yldunits"|"Choice"|"Yield Units"|0|||||0|||0|1|1||1|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Weighted Average"||1 59|"Electrical Conductivity (EC)"|"chorizon"|"ec_r"|"Float"||1|"Electrical conductivity (EC) is the electrolytic conductivity of an extract from saturated soil paste. Electrical conductivity is a measure of the concentration of water-soluble salts in soils, and is expressed as millimhos per centimeter at 25 degrees C. It is used to indicate saline soils. High concentrations of neutral salts, such as sodium chloride and sodium sulfate, may interfere with the absorption of water by plants because the osmotic pressure in the soil solution is nearly as high as or higher than that in the plant cells. For each soil horizon or layer in the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used."|"millimhos per centimeter"|"mmhos/cm"|"Property"||||0|1|0|1||1|||1|"EC"||||||||1|"Depth Range"||||0|||0|1|1||0|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Component"||1 60|"Ecological Site ID"|"coecoclass"|"ecoclassid"|"String"|30||"Ecological site ID is an identifier that uniquely identifies a particular ecological site. An ""ecological site"" is the product of all the environmental factors responsible for its development. It has characteristic soils that have developed over time throughout the soil development process; a characteristic hydrology, particularly infiltration and runoff that has developed over time; and a characteristic plant community (kind and amount of vegetation). The hydrology of the site is influenced by development of the soil and plant community. The vegetation, soils, and hydrology are all interrelated. Each is influenced by the others and influences the development of the others. The plant community on an ecological site is typified by an association of species that differs from that of other ecological sites in the kind and/or proportion of species or in total production. Descriptions of ecological sites are provided in the Field Office Technical Guide, which is available in local offices of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)."|||"Property"||||0|1|0|0||0|||-1|"EcoSiteID"||"ecoclasstypename"|"String"|"Class"||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|4||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 2|"Effective Cation Exchange Capacity (ECEC)"|"chorizon"|"ecec_r"|"Float"||1|"Effective cation-exchange capacity refers to the sum of extractable bases plus aluminum expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil. It is determined for soils that have pH of less than 5.5. Soils having a low cation-exchange capacity (CEC) hold fewer cations and may require more frequent applications of fertilizer than soils having a high cation-exchange capacity. The ability to retain cations reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. Effective CEC is a measure of CEC that is particularly useful in soils whose ion exchange capacity is largely a result of variable charge components such as allophane, kaolinite, hydrous iron and aluminum oxides, and organic matter, which results in soil's CEC being not a fixed number but a function of pH. For each soil horizon or layer in the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used."|"milliequivalents per 100 grams"|"meq/100g"|"Property"||||0|1|0|1||1|||1|"ECEC"||||||||1|"Depth Range"||||0|||0|0|0||0|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Component"||1 4|"Wind Erodibility Index"|"component"|"wei"|"Choice"|254||"The Wind erodibility index (I), is a numerical value indicating the susceptibility of soil to wind erosion, or the tons per acre per year that can be expected to be lost to wind erosion. There is a close correlation between wind erosion and the texture of the surface layer, the size and durability of surface clods, rock fragments, organic matter, and a calcareous reaction. Soil moisture and frozen soil layers also influence wind erosion."|"tons per acre per year"|"tons/acre/yr"|"Property"||||0|1|0|0|"wind_erodibility_index"|1|||1|"WEI"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|7||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 6|"Percent Clay"|"chorizon"|"claytotal_r"|"Float"||1|"Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of each soil layer is given as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. The amount and kind of clay affect the fertility and physical condition of the soil and the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell potential, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), plasticity, the ease of soil dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving operations. Most of the material is in one of three groups of clay minerals or a mixture of these clay minerals. The groups are kaolinite, smectite, and hydrous mica, the best known member of which is illite. For each soil horizon or layer in the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used."|"percent"|"percent"|"Property"||||0|1|0|1||1|||1|"Clay"||||||||1|"Depth Range"||||0|||0|0|0||0|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Component"||1 7|"Available Water Supply 0 to 150 cm"|"muaggatt"|"aws0150wta"|"Float"||2|"Available water supply (AWS) is the total volume of water (in centimeters) that should be available to plants if the soil, inclusive of fragments, were at field capacity. It is commonly estimated as the amount of water held between field capacity and wilting point, with corrections for salinity, fragments, and rooting depth. AWS is reported as a single value (centimeters) of water for the specified depth of soil. AWS is calculated based on the available water capacity times the thickness of each soil horizon to a specified depth. For each soil horizon or layer in the underlying database, available water capacity, used in the computation of AWS, is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For the derivation of AWS, only the representative available water capacity value is used. Available water supply for each map unit component is computed as described above, and then aggregated to a single value for the map unit using the process described below. A map unit is typically composed of one or more ""components."" A component is either some type of soil or some nonsoil entity, e.g., rock outcrop. For the attribute being aggregated (e.g. Available Water Supply), the first step of the aggregation process is to derive one attribute value for each of a map unit's components. From this set of component attributes, the next step of the aggregation process derives a single value that represents the map unit as a whole. Once a single value for each map unit is derived, a thematic map for soil map units can be generated. Aggregation must be done because, on any soil map, map units are delineated but components are not. For each of a map unit's components, a corresponding percent composition is recorded. A percent composition of 60 indicates that the corresponding component typically makes up approximately 60% of the map unit. For available water supply, a weighted average of all component values is computed where percent composition is the weighting factor."|"centimeters"|"cm"|"Property"||||1|0|0|0||1|||1|"AWS150"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"No Aggregation Necessary"||1 9|"Available Water Supply 0 to 050 cm"|"muaggatt"|"aws050wta"|"Float"||2|"Available water supply (AWS) is the total volume of water (in centimeters) that should be available to plants if the soil, inclusive of fragments, were at field capacity. It is commonly estimated as the amount of water held between field capacity and wilting point, with corrections for salinity, fragments, and rooting depth. AWS is reported as a single value (centimeters) of water for the specified depth of soil. AWS is calculated based on the available water capacity times the thickness of each soil horizon to a specified depth. For each soil horizon or layer in the underlying database, available water capacity, used in the computation of AWS, is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For the derivation of AWS, only the representative available water capacity value is used. Available water supply for each map unit component is computed as described above, and then aggregated to a single value for the map unit using the process described below. A map unit is typically composed of one or more ""components."" A component is either some type of soil or some nonsoil entity, e.g., rock outcrop. For the attribute being aggregated (e.g. Available Water Supply), the first step of the aggregation process is to derive one attribute value for each of a map unit's components. From this set of component attributes, the next step of the aggregation process derives a single value that represents the map unit as a whole. Once a single value for each map unit is derived, a thematic map for soil map units can be generated. Aggregation must be done because, on any soil map, map units are delineated but components are not. For each of a map unit's components, a corresponding percent composition is recorded. A percent composition of 60 indicates that the corresponding component typically makes up approximately 60% of the map unit. For available water supply, a weighted average of all component values is computed where percent composition is the weighting factor."|"centimeters"|"cm"|"Property"||||1|0|0|0||1|||1|"AWS050"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"No Aggregation Necessary"||1 11|"pH (1 to 1 Water)"|"chorizon"|"ph1to1h2o_r"|"Float"||1|"Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity. It is important in selecting crops and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of corrosion. In general, soils that are either highly alkaline or highly acid are likely to be very corrosive to steel. The most common soil laboratory measurement of pH is the 1:1 water method. A crushed soil sample is mixed with an equal amount of water, and a measurement is made of the suspension. For each soil horizon or layer in the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used."|||"Property"||||0|1|0|1||1|||1|"pHwater"||||||||1|"Depth Range"||||0|||0|0|0||0|6||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Component"||1 12|"Flooding Frequency Class"|"comonth"|"flodfreqcl"|"Choice"|254||"Flooding is the temporary inundation of an area caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered flooding, and water standing in swamps and marshes is considered ponding rather than flooding. Flooding frequency class is the number of times flooding occurs over a period of time and is expressed as a class. Flooding Frequency Classes are based on the interpretation of soil properties and other evidence gathered during soil survey field work. The classes are: NONE: Flooding is not probable, near 0 percent chance of flooding in any year or less than 1 time in 500 years. VERY RARE: Flooding is very unlikely but possible under extremely unusual weather conditions (the chance of flooding is less than 1 percent in any year). RARE: Flooding is unlikely but possible under unusual weather conditions (the chance of flooding is 1 to 5 percent in any year). OCCASIONAL: Flooding occurs infrequently under normal weather conditions (the chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in any year). FREQUENT: Flooding is likely to occur often under normal weather conditions (the chance of flooding is more than 50 percent in any year but is less than 50 percent in all months in any year). VERY FREQUENT: Flooding is likely to occur very often under normal weather conditions (the chance of flooding is more than 50 percent in all months of any year)."|||"Property"||||0|1|1|0|"flooding_frequency_class"|1|"Less Frequent"|"More Frequent"|1|"FloodFCls"||||||||0|||||1|"January"|"December"|0|0|0|"None"|1|7||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 13|"Ponding Frequency Class"|"comonth"|"pondfreqcl"|"Choice"|254||"Ponding is standing water in a closed depression. The water is removed only by deep percolation, transpiration, or evaporation or by a combination of these processes. Ponding Frequency Class is the number of times ponding occurs over a period of time. The classes are: NONE: Ponding is not probable, near 0 percent chance of ponding in any year. RARE: Ponding is unlikely but possible under unusual weather conditions, (the chance of ponding is nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in any year). OCCASIONAL: Ponding occurs, on the average, once or less in 2 years (the chance of ponding is 5 to 50 percent in any year). FREQUENT: Ponding occurs, on the average, more than once in 2 years (the chance of ponding is more than 50 percent in any year)."|||"Property"||||0|1|1|0|"ponding_frequency_class"|1|"Less Frequent"|"More Frequent"|1|"PondFCls"||||||||0|||||1|"January"|"December"|0|0|0|"None"|1|7||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 14|"Range Production (Favorable Year)"|"component"|"rsprod_h"|"Integer"|||"Total production is the amount of vegetation that can be expected to grow annually in a well managed area that is supporting the potential natural plant community. It includes all vegetation, whether or not it is palatable to grazing animals. It includes the current year's growth of leaves, twigs, and fruits of woody plants. It does not include the increase in stem diameter of trees and shrubs. It is expressed in pounds per acre of air-dry vegetation. In a favorable year, the amount and distribution of precipitation and the temperatures make growing conditions substantially better than average. Yields are adjusted to a common percent of air-dry moisture content. In areas that have similar climate and topography, differences in the kind and amount of vegetation produced on rangeland are closely related to the kind of soil. Effective management is based on the relationship between the soils and vegetation and water."|"pounds per acre per year"|"lbs/acre/yr"|"Property"||||0|1|0|0||1|||1|"RngProdFY"||||||||0|||||0|||0|1|1||1|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Weighted Average"||1 15|"Linear Extensibility"|"chorizon"|"lep_r"|"Float"||1|"Linear extensibility refers to the change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture content is decreased from a moist to a dry state. It is an expression of the volume change between the water content of the clod at 1/3 or 1/10 bar tension (33kPa or 10kPa tension) and oven dryness. The volume change is reported in the table as percent change for the whole soil. The amount and type of clay minerals in the soil influence volume change. For each soil horizon or layer in the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used."|"percent"|"percent"|"Property"||||0|1|0|1||1|||1|"LEP"||||||||1|"Depth Range"||||0|||0|0|0||0|6||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Component"||1 16|"Map Unit Hydric Rating"|"component"|"hydricrating"|"Choice"|254||"This rating provides an indication of the proportion of the map unit that meets criteria for hydric soils. Map units that are dominantly made up of hydric soils may have small areas, or inclusions, of nonhydric soils in the higher positions on the landform, and map units dominantly made up of nonhydric soils may have inclusions of hydric soils in the lower positions on the landform. Hydric soils are defined by the National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils (NTCHS) as soils that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding, or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part (Federal Register, 1994). These soils, under natural conditions, are either saturated or inundated long enough during the growing season to support the growth and reproduction of hydrophytic vegetation. The NTCHS definition identifies general soil properties that are associated with wetness. In order to determine whether a specific soil is a hydric soil or nonhydric soil, however, more specific information, such as information about the depth and duration of the water table, is needed. Thus, criteria that identify those estimated soil properties unique to hydric soils have been established (Federal Register, 2002). These criteria are used to identify map unit components that normally are associated with wetlands. The criteria used are selected estimated soil properties that are described in ""Soil Taxonomy"" (Soil Survey Staff, 1999) and ""Keys to Soil Taxonomy"" (Soil Survey Staff, 2003) and in the ""Soil Survey Manual"" (Soil Survey Division Staff, 1993). If soils are wet enough for a long enough period of time to be considered hydric, they should exhibit certain properties that can be easily observed in the field. These visible properties are indicators of hydric soils. The indicators used to make onsite determinations of hydric soils are specified in ""Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States"" (Hurt and others, 2002)."|||"Property"||||0|1|0|0||0|||-1|"HydrcRatng"||||||||0|||||0|||1|0|0||1|8||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Absence/Presence"||1 19|"K Factor - Rock Free"|"chorizon"|"kffact"|"Choice"|254||"Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, sand, and organic matter and on soil structure and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat). Values of K range from 0.02 to 0.69. Other factors being equal, the higher the value, the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion by water. ""Erosion factor Kf (rock free)"" indicates the erodibility of the fine-earth fraction, or the material less than 2 millimeters in size."|||"Property"||||0|1|0|1|"soil_erodibility_factor"|1|||1|"KfactRF"||||||||0|"Surface Layer"||||0|||0|0|0||0|7||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 25|"Potential Non-Irrigated Crop Yield (Component)"|"cocropyld"|"nonirryield_r"|"Float"||2|"The estimated average yields per acre that can be expected of the selected crop under a high level of management without irrigation are shown. In any given year, yields may be higher or lower than those indicated because of variations in rainfall and other climatic factors. In the underlying database, some states maintain crop yield data by individual map unit component. Other states maintain the data at the map unit level. Attributes are included in this application for both, although only one or the other is likely to contain data for any given geographic area. This attribute uses data maintained at the map unit component level. In the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used. The yields are based mainly on the experience and records of farmers, conservationists, and extension agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and results of field trials and demonstrations also are considered. The management needed to obtain the indicated yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil and the crop. Management can include drainage, erosion control, and protection from flooding; the proper planting and seeding rates; suitable high-yielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure, and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures the smallest possible loss. The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity of each soil for the selected crop. Yields are likely to increase as new production technology is developed. The productivity of a given soil compared with that of other soils, however, is not likely to change."|||"Property"||||0|1|0|0||1|||1|"NirrYldCo"||"cropname"|"Choice"|"Crop"|"yldunits"|"Choice"|"Yield Units"|0|||||0|||0|1|1||1|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Weighted Average"||1 28|"Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC-7)"|"chorizon"|"cec7_r"|"Float"||1|"Cation-exchange capacity (CEC-7) is the total amount of extractable bases that can be held by the soil, expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some other stated pH value. Soils having a low cation-exchange capacity hold fewer cations and may require more frequent applications of fertilizer than soils having a high cation-exchange capacity. The ability to retain cations reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. For each soil horizon or layer in the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used."|"milliequivalents per 100 grams"|"meq/100g"|"Property"||||0|1|0|1||1|||1|"CEC7"||||||||1|"Depth Range"||||0|||0|0|0||0|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Component"||1 91|"Bulk Density one tenth bar"|"chorizon"|"dbtenthbar_r"|"Float"||2|"Bulk density 1/10 bar is the oven-dried weight of the less than 2 mm soil material per unit volume of soil at water tension of 1/10 bar, expressed in grams per cubic centimeter. Bulk density data are used to compute linear extensibility, shrink-swell potential, available water capacity, total pore space, and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a soil indicates the pore space available for water and roots. Depending on soil texture, a bulk density of more than 1.4 can restrict water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic matter, and soil structure. For each soil horizon or layer in the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used."|"grams per cubic centimeter"|"g/cm3"|"Property"||||0|1|0|1||1|||1|"Db10thbar"||||||||1|"Depth Range"||||0|||0|0|0||0|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Component"||1 94|"Map Unit Name"|"mapunit"|"muname"|"String"|175||"A soil map unit is a collection of soil areas or nonsoil areas (miscellaneous areas) delineated in a soil survey. Each map unit is given a name that uniquely identifies the unit in a particular soil survey area."|||"Property"||||1|0|0|0||0|||-1|"MUName"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|4||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"No Aggregation Necessary"||1 95|"Corrosion Concrete"|"component"|"corcon"|"Choice"|254||"""Risk of corrosion"" pertains to potential soil-induced electrochemical or chemical action that corrodes or weakens concrete. The rate of corrosion of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the soil. Special site examination and design may be needed if the combination of factors results in a severe hazard of corrosion. The concrete in installations that intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more susceptible to corrosion than the concrete in installations that are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil layer. The risk of corrosion is expressed as ""Low,"" ""Moderate,"" or ""High."""|||"Property"||||0|1|0|0|"corrosion_concrete"|1|||1|"CorConcret"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|2||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Condition"||1 96|"Representative Slope"|"component"|"slope_r"|"Float"||1|"Slope gradient is the difference in elevation between two points, expressed as a percentage of the distance between those points. In the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used."|"percent"|"percent"|"Property"||||0|1|0|0||1|||1|"Slope"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|6||""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Component"||1 97|"Available Water Supply 0 to 025 cm"|"muaggatt"|"aws025wta"|"Float"||2|"Available water supply (AWS) is the total volume of water (in centimeters) that should be available to plants if the soil, inclusive of fragments, were at field capacity. It is commonly estimated as the amount of water held between field capacity and wilting point, with corrections for salinity, fragments, and rooting depth. AWS is reported as a single value (centimeters) of water for the specified depth of soil. AWS is calculated based on the available water capacity times the thickness of each soil horizon to a specified depth. For each soil horizon or layer in the underlying database, available water capacity, used in the computation of AWS, is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For the derivation of AWS, only the representative available water capacity value is used. Available water supply for each map unit component is computed as described above, and then aggregated to a single value for the map unit using the process described below. A map unit is typically composed of one or more ""components."" A component is either some type of soil or some nonsoil entity, e.g., rock outcrop. For the attribute being aggregated (e.g. Available Water Supply), the first step of the aggregation process is to derive one attribute value for each of a map unit's components. From this set of component attributes, the next step of the aggregation process derives a single value that represents the map unit as a whole. Once a single value for each map unit is derived, a thematic map for soil map units can be generated. Aggregation must be done because, on any soil map, map units are delineated but components are not. For each of a map unit's components, a corresponding percent composition is recorded. A percent composition of 60 indicates that the corresponding component typically makes up approximately 60% of the map unit. For available water supply, a weighted average of all component values is computed where percent composition is the weighting factor."|"centimeters"|"cm"|"Property"||||1|0|0|0||1|||1|"AWS025"||||||||0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"No Aggregation Necessary"||1 98|"Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)"|"chorizon"|"caco3_r"|"Integer"|||"Calcium carbonate equivalent is the percent of carbonates, by weight, in the fraction of the soil less than 2 millimeters in size. The availability of plant nutrients is influenced by the amount of carbonates in the soil. Incorporating nitrogen fertilizer into calcareous soils helps to prevent nitrite accumulation and ammonium-N volatilization. For each soil horizon or layer in the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used."|"percent"|"percent"|"Property"||||0|1|0|1||1|||1|"CaC03"||||||||1|"Depth Range"||||0|||0|1|1||0|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"Dominant Component"||1 99|"Potential Irrigated Crop Yield (Map Unit)"|"mucropyld"|"irryield_r"|"Float"||2|"The estimated average yields per acre that can be expected of the selected crop under a high level of management with irrigation are shown. In any given year, yields may be higher or lower than those indicated because of variations in rainfall and other climatic factors. For irrigated crops, it is assumed that the irrigation system is adapted to the soils and to the crops grown, that good-quality irrigation water is uniformly applied as needed, and that tillage is kept to a minimum. In the underlying database, some states maintain crop yield data by individual map unit component. Other states maintain the data at the map unit level. Attributes are included in this application for both, although only one or the other is likely to contain data for any given geographic area. This attribute uses data maintained at the map unit level. In the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used. The yields are based mainly on the experience and records of farmers, conservationists, and extension agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and results of field trials and demonstrations also are considered. The management needed to obtain the indicated yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil and the crop. Management can include drainage, erosion control, and protection from flooding; the proper planting and seeding rates; suitable high-yielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure, and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures the smallest possible loss. The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity of each soil for the selected crop. Yields are likely to increase as new production technology is developed. The productivity of a given soil compared with that of other soils, however, is not likely to change."|||"Property"||||1|0|0|0||1|||1|"IrrYldMU"||"cropname"|"Choice"|"Crop"|"yldunits"|"Choice"|"Yield Units"|0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"No Aggregation Necessary"||1 100|"Potential Non-Irrigated Crop Yield (Map Unit)"|"mucropyld"|"nonirryield_r"|"Float"||2|"The estimated average yields per acre that can be expected of the selected crop under a high level of management without irrigation are shown. In any given year, yields may be higher or lower than those indicated because of variations in rainfall and other climatic factors. In the underlying database, some states maintain crop yield data by individual map unit component. Other states maintain the data at the map unit level. Attributes are included in this application for both, although only one or the other is likely to contain data for any given geographic area. This attribute uses data maintained at the map unit level. In the underlying database, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the corresponding component. A ""representative"" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the corresponding component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used. The yields are based mainly on the experience and records of farmers, conservationists, and extension agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and results of field trials and demonstrations also are considered. The management needed to obtain the indicated yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil and the crop. Management can include drainage, erosion control, and protection from flooding; the proper planting and seeding rates; suitable high-yielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure, and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures the smallest possible loss. The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity of each soil for the selected crop. Yields are likely to increase as new production technology is developed. The productivity of a given soil compared with that of other soils, however, is not likely to change."|||"Property"||||1|0|0|0||1|||1|"NirrYldMU"||"cropname"|"Choice"|"Crop"|"yldunits"|"Choice"|"Yield Units"|0|||||0|||0|0|0||1|3|5|""|1|06/29/2005 10:30:00|"No Aggregation Necessary"||1